Sangamagrama: Visiting the Cradle of Indian Mathematics (Blog post by Dr. Ravi Raghavan)

We recently made a trip to Sangamagrama, the legendary 13th-century school of mathematics founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama. And let me tell you, it was a real goosebumps moment for us. The irony is striking: this place of immense historical importance was just 7 miles from my childhood home, yet I didn't even know it existed during my school days!

To stand there, in the very place where such mathematical and astronomical excellence flourished, was awe-inspiring. This was knowledge that predated European knowhow, telescopes, and the generation of Newton—a testament to a brilliant, often under-appreciated, South Indian tradition in mathematics that later peaked with the likes of Ramanujan. The site is incredibly humble and is preserved as part of the Irinjidapilly Krishna temple, where Madhava lived and worked. The original writings of this astronomical and mathematical genius are famously preserved on two large, 700-year-old stone tablets.

Many looked at the moon, but it was Madhava who famously lay on the floor for hours to truly understand its motion. His dedication led to a profound realization: "The Moon takes 9 rotations a year, and each time the speed varies, resulting in a rotational period of 27/28 days." But his genius went far beyond this. Sangamagrama is the birthplace of foundational concepts like the Infinite Series (the basis of Calculus) and sophisticated Pi calculations—centuries before they were formally developed in Europe. There is growing speculation that Madhava's original ideas on infinite series and other concepts may have been transmitted to Europe via Jesuit missionaries and Portuguese traders, potentially influencing later European mathematicians, including Descartes. While direct evidence is scarce, the timeline is clear: Madhava lived before most of the much more famous European mathematicians.

Madhavademonstrated an extraordinary early scientific approach, calculating the predictability of the Moon's position and movement in the sky.His insights, detailed in the treatise Venu Aarohanam ($Venu = \text{bamboo/mula}$, $Aarohanam = \text{rise}$), were derived from the pure observation of natural phenomena—specifically, the location of the nodes (joints) of the bamboo tree.This act of brilliant deduction, linking a terrestrial observation (bamboo nodes) to celestial mechanics (lunar motion), showcased how fundamentally 'connected' everything is in nature.This methodology predates similar developments in Europe by about three centuries, reflecting a Newtonian-like approach to physics and astronomical observation long before the legendary story of the apple and gravity. It highlights the profound early scientific contributions made in India. The site is preserved just as it was when Madhava lived, with the temple built around it, maintaining its authenticity. It’s a tragedy that so few people—even local residents—are aware of this history. It’s like being in Cambridge and not knowing Newton made his observations there, or visiting a Swiss-German town and not realizing Einstein hailed from there!

We are now trying to create some momentum to get the locals and the general public to make this a focus of knowledge-tourism. This under-appreciated genius from our own Kerala deserves to be celebrated. Thank you Dr. Ashraf for your insights!